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EIRUVIN

One of the thirty-nine forms of “work” that is forbidden on the Shabat is carrying items from one domain to another and carrying for four amot in a public place. There are myriad halachic technicalities involved in these types of “work.”

Many of these technicalities are of rabbinic origin, designed to protect the holiness and sacredness of the Shabat. Time has borne out the wisdom of the rabbis in establishing these rules and protective fences, for it is the Shabat more than anything else that guarantees Jewish continuity and spiritual success.

Yet the Talmud itself characterizes these types of carrying as being a type of “work” that is considered “gruah” – minor and not seen as being important per se. The masses of the people will find it hard to understand why, for instance, carrying a handkerchief in one’s pocket is considered a form of “work” on Shabat.

Because of this characterization of carrying on the Shabat being perceived as being “gruah” the rabbis attacked the problem from two different directions.

On one hand they strengthened the prohibition of carrying and added new decrees to impress the people with its importance and severity. But, on the other hand, the rabbis at the time of King Shlomo and apparently at his initiative, created a legalism which would allow carrying to take place in accordance with Torah law.

This solution was called eiruvin – mixing and combining all domains public and private and treating them as one domain where carrying would then pose no halachic problem.

King Shlomo was greatly complimented by the rabbis and in Heaven itself for this initiative and the Talmud saw it as a marvelous innovation that would help restore peace and harmony throughout Jewish society.

There is an entire tractate of the Talmud on the subject of eiruvin. Eiruvin is a very complicated and technical subject requiring diligent study, great knowledge and expert practicality in execution.

Throughout Jewish history, Jewish communities always built eiruvin for their Shabat welfare and communal harmony. There was a period of time in the early twentieth century when many major Jewish communities did not have an eiruv for various financial, technical and halachic reasons. However, today almost every Jewish community of some note does have an eiruv.

The irony is that the eiruv which was meant to promote unity and harmony in Jewish communal life has, in our time, often spawned rabbinic disputes, and even family divisiveness. In certain communities it is a bone of contention instead of being a universally accepted concept and a practical reality and necessity.

All of the major cities, let alone the smaller communities of Jewish continental Eastern Europe had an eiruv and it was an integral part of Jewish life. Rabbinic responsa is replete with questions regarding eiruvin and it remains a widely discussed and studied subject in all rabbinic and Talmudic circles.

The construction of an eiruv remains a very expensive project. After the construction is completed there is the ongoing cost of maintenance and the weekly inspection of the eiruv to determine that it has not been damaged. All of this requires funds and personnel.

Here in Israel the eiruvin in all of our communities are under the general auspices of the Chief Rabbinate, with individual neighborhood eiruvin under local rabbinic authorities not necessarily affiliated with the Chief Rabbinate.

For many decades the support and construction of eiruvin was part of the larger budget of the Ministry of Religions and the local municipality budget. However, the Ministry of Religions has been phased out and the budget for eiruvin has been cut by an outrageous ninety percent!

Because of this, many of the eiruvin in the country are of tenuous validity due to the lack of proper and ongoing maintenance. The entire eiruv here in Jerusalem, encompassing one hundred twenty two kilometers, is in the process of being rebuilt and restored to its original high halachic standard.

In the most part, there is little if any governmental funds allocated to this vitally necessary project. Throughout the Diaspora, the burden of maintaining eiruvin is the responsibility of the synagogues and families of the community –those who benefit from the existence of an eiruv.

Here is Israel the community, unfortunately, has been educated over the decades to look to the government for financial solutions to all of its problems. But the tide is slowly turning, at least in regard to maintaining eiruvin.

The community and families that use the eiruv and to whom its existence is a necessity are duty bound to help support its maintenance and existence. We can thereby contribute to the great sense of harmony amongst us that eiruvin is meant to inspire and create. 

Shabat shalom.